Why in News?

NITI Aayog released the report "Reimagining Care: Strategies for Empowering Caregivers in Viksit Bharat@2047", proposing a roadmap to build a professional, inclusive, and future-ready caregiving ecosystem.

Key Facts and Data Points

  • Elderly Population Growth: Projected to increase from 149 million (2022) to 347 million (20.8%) by 2050
  • Disability Burden: 26.8 million Indians live with disabilities
  • Family Caregivers: Nearly 10% of India's population serves as family caregivers, mostly untrained and unpaid
  • Global Health Worker Shortage: WHO estimates a shortage of nearly 11 million health workers by 2030
  • OECD Care Worker Demand: Will require 13.5 million additional care workers by 2040
  • Care Economy Size: Accounts for 16% of global employment (WEF 2024); unpaid care work contributes USD 11 trillion annually
  • India's Care Services Market: Projected to grow from USD 29.62 billion (2023) to USD 72.31 billion by 2030 (CAGR 13.76%)
  • Gender Disparity in Caregiving: 41% women vs 21.4% men participate in caregiving activities (NSO Time Use Survey 2024)
  • Time Spent: Women: 140 minutes/day; Men: 74 minutes/day on caregiving

Why Does India Need an Organised Caregiving Ecosystem?

Managing India's Demographic Transition

  • Rapid demographic transition with ageing population
  • Growing burden of chronic diseases, dementia, and age-related illnesses
  • Increasing demand for long-term, geriatric, palliative, and home-based care
  • Developing skilled caregiving workforce can address rising care needs while generating employment

Responding to Global Care Deficit

  • Ageing populations and workforce shortages globally
  • India can leverage this opportunity to become a global hub for skilled caregivers

Promoting Women's Economic Empowerment

  • Women bear disproportionate share of unpaid caregiving responsibilities
  • Formalising caregiving sector can reduce unpaid burden, generate dignified employment, and enhance female labour force participation

Strengthening Demographic Dividend

  • Converting demographic dividend into skilled employment and human capital
  • Professional caregiving workforce for domestic needs and overseas employment

Enhancing Global Competitiveness

  • Standardise caregiver training and expand Government-to-Government (G2G) mobility pathways
  • Boost employment, remittances, and India's global soft power

What is the Care Economy?

Definition: The care economy comprises all paid and unpaid care work and services that support health, well-being, and daily living.

Components:

  • Care through households, public/private sectors, MSMEs, non-profit organisations
  • Social and solidarity economy
  • Involves both care providers and care recipients

Related Concepts

ConceptDescription
Silver EconomyEconomic activity generated by goods/services for elderly population
Purple EconomyInclusion of PwDs as active economic contributors, including trained caregivers

Care Economy vs Monetized Economy

ParameterCare EconomyMonetized Economy
ValuationLargely unpaid, invisible, excluded from GDPMonetised, formally measured, contributes to GDP
Nature of WorkCaregiving and domestic services sustaining well-beingMarket-oriented goods and services
WorkforcePredominantly womenDiversified workforce
RecognitionUnpaid family/moral responsibilityFormal economic activity

India's Existing Caregiving Landscape

Key Ministries and Departments

Ministry/DepartmentInitiative
DoSJEPM Special – Training of Geriatric Caregivers; SHATAYU Dashboard, JEEVAN App
DEPwDCertificate Course in Caregiving (CCCG) through RCI
MoHFWNational Programme for Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE); NIMHANS for geriatric training
MSDENSQF-based caregiver certification
MEAG2G mobility programmes; Pre-Departure Orientation Training (PDOT)

State-Level Innovations

  • Karnataka: Carer's Monthly Allowance Scheme; SHG support
  • Kerala: K4Care, Aswasakiranam, Neighbourhood Network in Palliative Care, Triple Win Programme with Germany

Challenges in India's Caregiving Ecosystem

Regulatory Gaps

  • Caregiving not recognised as a regulated profession
  • Absence of dedicated legal, accreditation, and quality assurance framework

Unpaid Care Burden

  • Family caregiving largely unpaid, undervalued, disproportionately borne by women
  • RPwD Act 2016 recognises family caregivers but informal caregiving lacks comprehensive support
  • No long-term care financing, insurance mechanisms, or social security benefits

Skill and Workforce Challenges

  • Training programmes not aligned with international standards
  • Inadequate specialised training in dementia, stroke, palliative care
  • High workforce turnover; limited certified caregivers

Infrastructure and Service Delivery

  • Respite-care services largely absent
  • Formal caregiving inadequate, especially in rural areas
  • Low social acceptance of professional caregiving

Technology and Safeguarding

  • No standard background verification or grievance redressal mechanisms
  • Limited adoption of digital health records, telemedicine, technology-enabled training

NITI Aayog's Proposed Strategies

1. National Policy on Caregiving

  • Formulate comprehensive policy to formalise caregiving sector
  • Strengthen Centre-State coordination and capacity-building

2. National Caregiver Council (NCC)

  • Apex body for regulation, accreditation, certification
  • Maintain national caregiver registry
  • Grievance redressal and standard-setting

3. Professionalise the Caregiving Workforce

  • NSQF-aligned certification
  • Standardised curricula
  • Specialised cadres for geriatric, palliative, and dementia care
  • Integration into education and digital learning platforms

4. Promote Global Caregiver Mobility

  • G2G partnerships with Japan, Germany, UK, Australia
  • Ethical recruitment, language training, reintegration mechanisms

5. Strengthen Institutional Ecosystem

  • Enhance capacities of RCI, NISD, Sector Skill Councils
  • National Centre for Ageing and Regional Geriatric Centres
  • Standardise caregiver training across institutions

6. Extend Social Security

  • Health and accident insurance
  • Social security under Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act, 2008
  • Promote care entrepreneurship through MUDRA and Startup India

7. Support Family and Community Care

  • Strengthen family caregivers, SHGs, Ayushman Arogya Mandirs
  • CSR-supported community care initiatives

8. Provide Caregiver Welfare

  • Statutory care leave
  • Respite-care services
  • Workplace sensitisation and counselling support

9. Leverage Technology

  • National Digital Caregiver Portal with certified caregiver directory
  • Registry, background verification
  • Multilingual digital training
  • Technology-enabled service delivery

Constitutional and Legal Provisions

  • Article 41: Directs State to provide public assistance for old age, sickness, disability, and other vulnerable conditions
  • Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016: Recognises family caregivers of persons requiring high support needs
  • Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act, 2008: Framework for social security coverage

Global Best Practices

CountryPractice
JapanLong-Term Care Insurance (LTCI); dedicated visa pathways for trained caregivers
AustraliaNational training, certification, digital dementia-care modules
ChinaAI and robotics in elderly care; international standards for elder-care robots
Sweden/DenmarkShared responsibility model (State, families, communities, private sector)

Conclusion

An organised caregiving ecosystem is not merely a welfare intervention but a strategic investment in human capital, gender equality, and inclusive growth. By professionalising caregiving and strengthening institutional support, India can meet domestic care needs while emerging as a global hub for skilled caregivers, advancing the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047.